Monday, 8 February 2010
Genes reveal 'biological ageing'
 Telomeres at the end of chromosomes shorten with age |
Gene variants that might show how fast people's bodies are actually ageing have been pinpointed by scientists.
Researchers from the University of Leicester and Kings College London say the finding could help spot people at higher risk of age-related illnesses.
People carrying the variant had differences in the "biological clock" within all their cells.
The British Heart Foundation said the findings could offer a clue to ways of preventing heart disease.
While doctors know that as people age they are more at risk from diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and heart disease, some people fall prey to these at an earlier age than expected.
TelomeresOne theory suggests that biological timers called "telomeres", part of the chromosomes in every cell that carry genetic code, may be a factor in this.
From birth, every time a cell divides, the telomeres get shorter and there is some evidence that people with shorter telomeres, either because they diminish more quickly or because they were born with shorter versions, may be at higher risk from age-related illness.
The researchers say in the journal, Nature Genetics, that they looked at more than 500,000 genetic variations across the entire human genome to see which variants cropped up more frequently in people known to have shorter telomeres.
They eventually located a number of variants located near a gene called TERC which, in people carrying them, seemed to be equivalent to an extra three or four years of "biological ageing".
Bad lifestylesProfessor Tim Spector, from King's College London, said: "What our study suggests is that some people are genetically programmed to age at a faster rate.
"Alternatively, genetically susceptible people may age even faster when exposed to proven 'bad' environments for telomeres such as smoking, obesity or lack of exercise - and end up several years biologically older or succumbing to more age-related diseases."
Professor Jeremy Pearson, associate medical director at the British Heart Foundation, which part-funded the study, said it was not yet clear whether telomeres did contribute to an increased risk of disease.
He said: "Understanding how our cells age is an important step in our quest for better ways to prevent and treat heart disease.
"Perhaps in the future one of the ways we try to reduce the risk of, or treat, heart disease would be to use an 'anti-ageing' approach for our arteries."
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Exercise 'cuts risk of developing painful gallstones'
 Gallstones are common but some go undetected |
Doing lots of exercise drastically cuts the risk of developing painful gallstones, UK researchers have found.
Gallstones are common but only 30% of cases have symptoms and complications.
A University of East Anglia study of 25,000 men and women found those who were the most active had a 70% reduced risk of those complaints.
The team, writing in the European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, said one reason might be reduced cholesterol levels in the bile.
They said exercise also raised levels of "good" cholesterol and help improves movement through the gut, all of which could contribute to the lowered risk.
Those taking part in the study were split into four groups depending on how much exercise they did and the researchers found that those who did moderate amounts of exercise also had a lower risk of painful symptoms from gallstones than those who were the most inactive.
They worked out that if everyone increased the amount of exercise they did by one category 17% of gallstones that need medical treatment could be prevented.
Using the same data the researchers had previously discovered that drinking a moderate amount of alcohol is protective against gallstones.
Consuming two units a day cuts the chance of developing gallstones by a third, the earlier study showed.
CholesterolGallstones form in the gallbladder from bile and are generally made up of hardened cholesterol.
It is thought that around one in three women and one in six men get gallstones at some point in their life but they are more common in older adults.
 | ACTIVITY LEVELS Inactive - sedentary job, no exercise Moderately inactive - sedentary job plus 30 min exercise daily or standing job but no exercise Moderately active - sedentary job plus 1h exercise daily, standing job plus 30 min exercise or physical job Active - Sedentary job plus more than 1h exercise daily, standing job plus more than 30 min exercise, or physical job with some exercise |
Other factors which increase the chances of them forming include pregnancy, obesity, rapid weight loss and some medications.
Many people who have gallstones may never know they have them but for some they cause severe pain, inflammation and infection and jaundice.
And almost 50,000 people have to have their gallbladders removed every year in the UK.
Study leader Dr Paul Banim, a clinical lecturer at the University of East Anglia and a specialist registrar in gastroenterology said: "It is difficult to prove a link between lifestyle and disease but we weren't surprised to see these results.
"If everyone was to achieve the impossible and do the same amount of exercise as those in the most active category, gallstones could be reduced by 70%."
Dr Charlie Murray, secretary of the British Society of Gastroenterology, said the study seemed to show a direct protective effect of higher levels of exercise.
"The study does not however tell us how much exercise is effective in prevention of gallstones as this would require specific recording of exercise activity, nor the mechanism by which exercise is protective.
"It does however demonstrate that as with the prevention of many disease processes, exercise improves your chances of staying healthy."
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What our study suggests is that some people are genetically programmed to age at a faster rate 
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